C分类：
从区分竞争性拮抗剂和非竞争性拮抗剂的角度看，竞争性拮抗剂的作用可以通过增加激动剂浓度来抵消，非竞争性拮抗剂的作用不能通过增加激动剂拮抗剂来拮抗；竞争性拮抗剂可以增加ED50值，而非竞争性拮抗剂不能。
1.竞争性拮抗剂
药物对受体有亲和力，但不产生受体激动剂作用，阻止激动剂与受体结合。在激动剂浓度固定的情况下，增加可逆竞争性拮抗剂的浓度，可逐渐抑制激动剂引起的反应。在高浓度下，拮抗剂可完全阻止反应的发生。反之，足够高浓度的激动剂可除去一定浓度的拮抗剂的作用，而仍能达到最大效应Emax。由于拮抗剂具有竞争性，拮抗剂的存在需要增加激动剂的浓度才能达到特定的反应高度，使激动剂浓度-效应曲线向右平行移动。也有的拮抗剂除了阻止激动剂与受体结合外，还抑制受体的内在活性。
从治疗学角度看，这种竞争性拮抗剂的意义在于：（1）竞争性拮抗剂的抑制程度取决于拮抗剂的浓度，根据进入体内的药物浓度调整剂量，以达到预期的治疗效果。（2）拮抗剂的临床反应取决于与受体结合的激动剂的浓度。
2.非竞争性拮抗剂
A drug that binds to a receptor protein at a site different from the agonist’s binding site and prevents the agonist from causing receptor activation. On the dose-response graph, non-competitive antagonism usually reduces the slope and height of the response curve, and also causes a certain degree of rightward shift of the response curve. Drugs that bind to receptor proteins that are distinct from agonist binding sites are often referred to as allosteric modulators. Allosteric modulators are able to alter receptor function but not to agonize receptors, as is benzodiazepines.
药理：
1.M受体拮抗剂：东莨菪碱
The drug is a belladonna alkaloid, which has a stronger and longer-lasting effect on the central nervous system than atropine. It can cause central nervous system depression at therapeutic doses, and has obvious sedative effects, manifested as drowsiness, forgetfulness, fatigue, and shortened REM sleep, but at high doses, it produces stimulant effects. In addition, this crystal can block short-term memory and is also often used during anesthesia. This drug also has a central anticholinergic effect, and it also has a certain effect on Parkinson’s disease, which can improve its symptoms such as tremor, salivation and muscle rigidity.
2.N受体拮抗剂：琥珀胆碱
它由琥珀酸与两分子胆碱组成，在碱性溶液中易被破坏，若与硫喷妥钠混合，活性很快下降。
【药理作用】对骨骼肌的松弛作用迅速而短暂，易于控制。单次静脉注射10～30mg后，20秒内可见不协调的肌束震颤，1分钟后转为松弛，2分钟达高峰，5分钟后消失。肌松作用从颈部肌肉开始，逐渐扩展到肩胛骨、四肢和腹部，以颈部和四肢肌肉最明显，其次是面部、舌部、咽喉部和咀嚼肌，对呼吸肌作用最弱，但对喉部和气管平滑肌作用较强。
【临床应用】本品骨骼肌松弛作用迅速而短暂，静脉给药适用于气管插管、气管镜、食管镜等短期手术。也可作为全身麻醉的辅助用药静脉给药，减少全身麻醉的用量，且骨骼肌在浅麻醉下得到完全松弛，使手术能长时间顺利进行。该药可引起强烈的窒息感，故清醒患者禁用，在用硫喷妥钠静脉麻醉后可给予琥珀胆碱。此外，该药也可用于电休克治疗。由于该药的个体差异较大，需根据效果调整给药速度，方可获得满意的效果。
关于 百伦 生物科技有限公司：
百伦 Biotechnology Co., Ltd. stands as a leading supplier and premier technical service provider, specializing in the provision of comprehensive bioreactor systems and advanced control solutions. Our extensive product line encompasses a wide array of offerings, ranging from bioreactors (fermenters) to animal cell bioreactors, biological shakers, and control systems tailored for bioprocessing applications. With a capacity spanning from 0.1L to 1000KL, we are committed to fostering the growth of China’s bioreactor industry on a global scale.
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