1.人类溶菌酶的表达
hLYZ主要存在于体液、细胞、组织和器官中。C型溶菌酶产生于体液和血细胞中，如乳汁、唾液、泪液、鼻涕、汗液、尿液、血清及各种组织液、血细胞如中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、单核细胞及骨髓中的造血细胞；G型溶菌酶又分两类，主要分布于组织和器官中，hLYZg1常在肾脏中表达，hLYZg2主要在眼和睾丸中表达。
● 牛奶
Milk is an important source of mammalian lysozyme, which belongs to type C lysozyme, and its structure, physicochemical properties and concentration vary greatly among different species. Most mammalian milk contains lysozyme, and the level of lysozyme in the milk of ruminants such as cows and goats is low, and only exists in trace amounts in cow’s milk, about 0.05−0.22 mg/L, but the lysozyme content in the milk of mammals such as humans, horses, dogs and donkeys is relatively high, and the lysozyme content in breast milk is about 200−390 mg/L. In addition, the content of lysozyme in donkey milk is also at a high level, and its nutritional structure is highly similar to that of breast milk, and it also has the potential to become a substitute for breast milk. The presence of lysozyme in breast milk plays a positive role in improving infant immunity and preventing infections, increasing the level of beneficial intestinal flora and enhancing the baby’s ability to resist disease, and these effects are produced by breastfeeding the infant and lysing certain potentially harmful gram-positive bacteria and a few gram-negative bacteria in the infant’s gastrointestinal tract.
● 眼泪
Recently, it has been shown that lysozyme exists in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, and it has been demonstrated that lysozyme plays a positive role in RPE immune response. A 650 study used the antimicrobial proteins lactoferrin and lysozyme in tears as biomarkers to study the body’s immune status, revealing that lysozyme in tears also has immunomodulatory properties. Recent studies have also found that the cornea, as a potential target tissue for SARS-CoV type 7420, has a beneficial role in blocking the entry of the virus into the body through the cornea.
● 胃肠道
胃肠道中的潘氏细胞和个体免疫细胞产生溶菌酶，后者分泌溶菌酶进入肠腔，这是与肠道菌群直接接触的肠道中溶菌酶的主要来源，而肠道中的巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞等免疫细胞也产生溶菌酶，用于肠道的免疫调节。有研究发现，在低炎症疾病中，溶菌酶分泌可以改善屏障功能，但在实验性结肠炎和免疫功能低下的个体中，当肠道炎症更为严重时，溶菌酶分泌则起着适得其反的作用。 2020年研究发现，潘氏细胞在结肠中异位表达分泌的溶菌酶，使结肠中溶菌酶敏感菌减少，从而加重结肠炎，而溶菌酶缺乏的小鼠肠道中的杯状细胞异常增生，从而减轻肠道炎症，揭示潘氏细胞溶菌酶可以平衡肠道中的抗炎和促炎反应。2021年，研究人员在进行碱菌来源的溶菌酶对肠道作用的研究中发现，溶菌酶会剂量依赖性地下调肠道炎症水平，而两次实验结果存在明显差异，但具体原因是溶菌酶来源不同还是个体间肠道菌群组成不同，有待进一步研究。
2.人体溶菌酶的生物学功能
● 抗病毒作用
溶菌酶的抗病毒机制主要依赖于溶菌酶的阳离子特性，溶菌酶作为碱性蛋白质，会携带大量正电荷，与带负电荷的病毒直接发生作用，并与病毒的DNA、RNA及脱辅基蛋白形成复盐，使病毒失活。同时溶菌酶还能通过调节体内淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞介导的细胞毒作用，达到杀灭病毒的作用。
● 抗菌作用
从新冠疫情最初突如其来，到全民团结抗疫，溶菌酶的抗菌作用主要分为两种，即裂解机制和非裂解机制。裂解机制主要依靠酶的活性，通过水解肽聚糖中β-1,4糖苷键，使肽聚糖层断裂，降低细菌细胞壁的机械强度，导致细胞死亡。但这种溶菌机制只有在溶菌酶中2个二硫键保持完整的情况下才能起作用，但也正是这种机制使得溶菌酶能够作为非特异性先天免疫分子，抵抗细菌病原体的入侵。溶菌酶的非裂解机制取决于其结构因素、阳离子性质以及疏水基团等。部分或完全变性而缺乏酶活性的溶菌酶被发现能够对抗革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌。溶菌酶在N末端结构域内具有抗菌肽基序，其N末端螺旋可穿过细菌外膜，干扰膜电位依赖性呼吸作用而杀死革兰氏阴性菌。除此之外，C型溶菌酶带有大量正电荷，可插入带负电荷的细胞膜孔隙中，使细菌裂解死亡。正是由于溶菌酶具有强大的抗菌活性，病原菌在进化过程中发展出了针对溶菌酶的三种拯救机制：肽聚糖（PG）修饰、改变细菌细胞膜的电荷和完整性、表达溶菌酶细菌抑制剂，共同攻克难关。
● 抗肿瘤作用
研究还发现，肿瘤细胞中高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）表达较高，会促进肿瘤细胞迁移；而晚期糖基化终产物受体（RAGE）与细胞黏附聚集有关，可与HMGB1结合，是肿瘤治疗的重要靶点之一。而hLYZ则通过降低HMGB1的表达，抑制HMGB1-RAGE通路，达到抗肿瘤的效果。此外，hLYZ还能直接作用于体内大多数肿瘤细胞，甚至鹅淋巴瘤，降低肿瘤细胞密度，延长机体生存时间。
● 抗炎作用
Lysozyme has a dual role in inflammation, its mediated bacterial degradation activity contributes to the activation of phagocytic cells, enhances the release of bacterial products and the production of inflammatory mediators, but at the same time lysozyme also helps to alleviate inflammation. The bacterial degradation reaction mainly relies on hLYZ cleaving bacteria in epithelial cells and resident macrophages to release related pathogenic molecular patterns (PAMPs), which help recruit more phagocytic cell internalized bacteria to form phagosomes to further degrade bacteria, and PAMP can also activate inflammasomes, thereby promoting the secretion of more pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammasomes are mainly composed of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), apoptosis-associated spot-like proteins, and cysteine proteases. The PRRs involved in lysozyme-mediated degradation reactions include NOD-like receptors (NLRs) such as NOD1, NOD2 receptors and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are stimulated by PAMP to be activated, bind to apoptosis-related mottle-like proteins, and then bind to cysteine proteases to form inflammasomes-induced inflammatory responses. In addition, the body’s complement system also promotes an inflammatory response, complement proteins are activated and cleaved, some of which are deposited on PAMP and monomeric PG, and others form anaphylatoxins such as C5a and C3a, which act as chemokines for phagocytic cells and recruit more phagocytes to cause an inflammatory response.
● 身体的免疫调节作用
Lysozyme is an important non-specific immune factor in the human body, which can participate in a variety of immune responses and play an important role in the normal defense and non-specific immunity of the human body. It has been found that lysozyme can significantly increase the content of immunoglobulins such as immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M in animals, and the cytokines interleukin-1β and interferon-γ produced by it can induce helper T cell immune responses in the body and promote cellular immunity. Secondly, lysozyme in the human body can also strengthen the resistance of serum sterilized proteins, γ-globulin and other defense factors in the body to infection. In addition, there are studies that show that lysozyme can improve and enhance the phagocytosis and digestion ability of macrophages, activate the phagocytic function of white blood cells, and improve the leukopenia caused by cytostats, thereby enhancing the body’s immunity.
关于 百伦 生物科技有限公司：
百伦 Biotechnology Co., Ltd. stands as a leading supplier and premier technical service provider, specializing in the provision of comprehensive bioreactor systems and advanced control solutions. Our extensive product line encompasses a wide array of offerings, ranging from bioreactors (fermenters) to animal cell bioreactors, biological shakers, and control systems tailored for bioprocessing applications. With a capacity spanning from 0.1L to 1000KL, we are committed to fostering the growth of China’s bioreactor industry on a global scale.
在 百伦, we boast a seasoned team of engineers equipped with profound expertise in fermentation processes, biochemical equipment, and chemical technology. Moreover, we actively engage nationally renowned experts and scholars as technical consultants, ensuring the robust technological underpinnings of our products. Central to our ethos is a relentless pursuit of product innovation and technological leadership, all geared towards guaranteeing utmost customer satisfaction. We hold ourselves accountable to prioritize customer benefits, embodying this commitment as the cornerstone of Bailun Company’s core values.
我们精心打造多元化的产品组合，以满足客户多方面的需求。自成立以来，我们一直秉持质量至上、客户至上和诚信经营的原则。我们始终致力于满足客户不断变化的需求，这是我们前进的动力。在经济全球化的浪潮中，我们诚挚地邀请全球企业合作，共同繁荣和成功。
精神 百伦 体现了以客户为中心的理念、对卓越品质的追求、对公平诚信的承诺以及对持续改进和创新的坚定动力。
联系我们：
地址：6848# 上海市嘉定区留香路
联系人: Maddie
邮箱：sales@fermentertech.com
电话：+86-134-7276-8163（WhatsApp）
网站： https://bioreactortech.com/
简体中文 
English 
Español 
Русский